Machine learning in vehicular networking: An overview

As vehicle complexity and road congestion increase, combined with the emergence of electric vehicles, the need for intelligent transportation systems to improve on-road safety and transportation efficiency using vehicular networks has become essential. The evolution of high mobility wireless networks will provide improved support for connected vehicles through highly dynamic heterogeneous networks. Particularly, 5G deployment introduces new features and technologies that enable operators to capitalize on emerging infrastructure capabilities. Machine Learning (ML), a powerful methodology for adaptive and predictive system development, has emerged in both vehicular and conventional wireless networks. Adopting data-centric methods enables ML to address highly dynamic vehicular network issues faced by conventional solutions, such as traditional control loop design and optimization techniques. This article provides a short survey of ML applications in vehicular networks from the networking aspect. Research topics covered in this article include network control containing handover management and routing decision making, resource management, and energy efficiency in vehicular networks. The findings of this paper suggest more attention should be paid to network forming/deforming decision making. ML applications in vehicular networks should focus on researching multi-agent cooperated oriented methods and overall complexity reduction while utilizing enabling technologies, such as mobile edge computing for real-world deployment. Research datasets, simulation environment standardization, and method interpretability also require more research attention.     

Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex

Recent evidence demonstrating multiple regions of human cerebral cortex activated by pain has prompted speculation about their individual contributions to this complex experience. To differentiate cortical areas involved in pain affect, hypnotic suggestions were used to alter selectively the unpleasantness of noxious stimuli, without changing the perceived intensity. Positron emission tomography revealed significant changes in pain-evoked activity within anterior cingulate cortex, consistent with the encoding of perceived unpleasantness, whereas primary somatosensory cortex activation was unaltered. These findings provide direct experimental evidence in humans linking frontal-lobe limbic activity with pain affect, as originally suggested by early clinical lesion studies.     

DVD时代的音质

DVD和相关的光学媒体,以及磁盘驱动器容量的快速增长,已提高了高阶AV系统的门坎.就传统的CD播放机而言,电子产业的进展重点在于整体的清晰质量,此质量却受限于盘片数据的分辨率,之后的发展则锁定于组件成本的降低.     

Impacts on Children of a Policy to Promote Employment and Reduce Poverty for Low-Income Parents: New Hope After 5 Years.

The impacts of New Hope, a program to increase parent employment and reduce poverty, were measured 5 years after parents were randomly assigned to program or control groups. New Hope had positive effects on children's school achievement, motivation, and social behavior, primarily for boys, across the age range 6-16. In comparison to impacts measured 2 years after program onset, effects on achievement were robust, but effects on social behavior were reduced. The program produced improvements in family income and use of organized child care and activity settings, suggesting possible pathways by which the New Hope package of policies influenced children's behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Intensities of hyperfine transitions of Pr and Ho in CaF2

Computational techniques for the calculation of transition intensities between crystal field levels of f^N systems are extended to the calculation of intensities between hyperfine levels. Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for selected optical transitions in CaF₂:Pr³⁺ and CaF₂:Ho³⁺.     

Neutron reflectometry investigation of polymer-polymer reactions at the interface between immiscible polymers

Primary amine end functionalised deuteropolystyrene has been mixed with unmodified hydrogenous polystyrene and a thin film placed on top of a film of an acrylic polymer that either has carboxylic acid groups located at one end of each molecule or as substituents on each repeat unit. After holding at 453 K for defined times, the interfacial excess layer at the interface between the two polymers has been quantitatively analysed using neutron reflectometry and the extent of grafting of the deuteropolymer at the interface determined. Whilst maintaining the concentration of carboxylic acid units constant (fixed reacting groups) the extent of grafting increases with concentration of the functionalised deuteropolystyrene in the polystyrene layer. On changing the molecular weight of the functionalised deuteropolystyrene but maintaining the molar concentration of reactive end groups constant, the extent of grafting is larger for the lower molecular weight polymer. Although, the qualitative variation of the extent of grafting with time is in agreement with theories for interfacial grafting, exact correspondence cannot be obtained. The initial rate of grafting corresponds to second order rate constants of ∼0.1-0.2 l mol⁻¹ s⁻¹ but saturation of grafting is evident at far lower values (and hence earlier in the reaction process) than predicted by theory. Moreover, this saturation extent of grafting is at a level much lower than anticipated if brush-like layer formation is encouraged by interfacial grafting.     

Behavior of a Semiintegral Bridge Abutment under Static and Temperature-Induced Cyclic Loading

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of semiintegral bridge abutments. Primary interests were to investigate (1) potential problems with the particular detail tested; (2) rotational characteristics of the semiintegral abutments; and (3) ability of the specimens to withstand cyclic loading induced by temperature variations during the expected life of the bridge. Sixteen experiments were conducted on three large-scale specimens. The results of the tests have shown that semiintegral abutments can significantly reduce the moments transferred from the superstructure to the foundation piles. Test results have also shown that semiintegral abutments can tolerate the number of displacement cycles that a bridge will experience during the course of its economic life.     

Case studies in Bayesian segmentation applied to CD control

Identifying step changes in historical process and controller output variables can lead to improved process understanding and fault resolution in control system performance analysis. This paper describes an application of Bayesian methods in the search for statistically significant temporal segmentations in the data collected by a cross directional (CD) control system in an industrial web forming process. CD control systems give rise to vector observations which are often transformed through orthogonal bases for control and performance analysis. In this paper two models which exploit basis function representations of vector times series data are segmented. The first of these is a power spectrum model based on the asymptotic Chi‐squared approximation which allows large data sets to be processed. The second approach, more capable of detecting small changes, but as a result is more computationally demanding, is a special case of the multivariate linear model. Given the statistical model of the data, inference regarding the number and location of the change‐points is based on numerical Bayesian methods known as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The methods are applied to real data and the resulting segmentation relates to real process events. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.